Grade 10 HPE ||Primary Health Care and Precautions and Security on Risk|| Notes

PART 1: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (FIRST AID)

🔵 Definition of First Aid

First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly becomes ill before regular medical help arrives.

Definition: First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill, using available materials, before professional medical help is available.

🟢 Points to Remember While Giving First Aid

• Take the injured person to a safe place as quickly as possible
• Take consent from the victim or nearby people before giving treatment
• Provide encouragement and mental support to the victim
• Give first aid quickly, effectively, and gently according to the situation
• Do not move the victim unnecessarily after placing them in a proper position
• Check if breathing is normal; if not, provide artificial respiration immediately
• Inform health workers, doctors, police, and blood donors immediately
• Remove tight clothes from the victim's body
• After giving first aid, take the victim to a doctor or hospital as quickly as possible

PART 2: FIRST AID BOX

🔵 Definition

First Aid Box is a container that holds all the essential supplies and equipment needed to provide first aid treatment.

Definition: A first aid box is a collection of supplies and equipment used to give medical treatment for minor injuries and emergencies. Every office, school, club, playground, vehicle, police post, and festival area should have one.

🟢 Contents of First Aid Box

PART 3: MAJOR FIRST AID TECHNIQUES

🔵 ABC Rule of First Aid

The first aider must know the ABC rule to save the victim's life by providing timely help.

A: Airway - Open the airway
B: Breathing - Ensure adequate breathing
C: Circulation - Maintain blood circulation

🟢 Artificial Respiration

When breathing stops due to drowning, electric shock, or other reasons, artificial respiration must be given immediately to save the person.

Procedure for Artificial Respiration (Mouth-to-Mouth):

1. Lay the victim on their back, kneel beside their head, place one hand under the neck and the other on the forehead to tilt the head back, opening the airway
2. Check for any foreign objects in the mouth and remove them
3. Pinch the victim's nose closed with your fingers, take a deep breath, and seal your mouth over theirs
4. Blow into their mouth until you see their chest rise
5. Give 1 breath every 3-4 seconds (about 15-20 breaths per minute)
6. Wait for the victim to exhale naturally between breaths
7. Continue this process until the victim starts breathing on their own or medical help arrives

🟢 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) or Cardiac Massage

Sometimes a person's heart may stop beating. If not treated immediately, death can occur within 4-5 minutes. CPR should be performed only by trained individuals.

Procedure:

1. Lay the victim on their back on a hard surface
2. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest (between the nipples) and the other hand on top, interlocking fingers
3. Press down firmly and quickly, about 2 inches deep, at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute
4. After 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths (as in artificial respiration)
5. Continue the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives or the victim recovers

Note: CPR and artificial respiration cannot be performed simultaneously.

PART 4: COMMON INJURIES AND THEIR FIRST AID

1. Wounds or Cuts

Definition: Any injury where the skin, flesh, or muscle is cut, torn, pierced, or damaged is called a wound.

First Aid for Wounds:

• Make the victim sit or lie down comfortably
• Clean the area around the wound without disturbing the wound itself
• Clean the wound, but if any foreign object is embedded, do not remove it
• If bleeding, try to stop the bleeding
• Reassure the victim
• Give the victim light liquid food
• Take the victim to a doctor or health center as soon as possible

2. Burns

Definition: Injury caused by fire, hot objects, steam, electricity, or chemicals is called a burn. Burns affect the skin and can damage deeper tissues.

Symptoms of Burns:

• Redness, blistering, and wound formation at the burned area
• Severe pain
• Increased pulse rate
• Decreased urination
• Unconsciousness in severe burns
• Swelling of the body
• Chills
• Feeling of weakness

First Aid for Burns:

• First, remove the victim from the source of fire or heat
• If clothes are on fire, extinguish them
• If the victim's clothes have caught fire, cover them with a blanket or thick cloth to put out the fire
• If only redness and no blistering, immerse the burned part in cold water for 10 minutes or apply cold water compresses
• If blisters have formed, do not break them
• Cover the wound with a clean cloth
• Remove any tight clothing, watches, etc. from the victim's body
• Give the victim light fluids to drink
• Do not apply oily substances, ointments, soil, cow dung, or herbs to the burned area

If Chemicals Cause Burns:

• Clean the wound with clean water
• Wash the affected area with mild alkaline water
• Take the victim to a health center or hospital as soon as possible

3. Snake Bite

Snake bite is a medical emergency requiring immediate first aid. Not all snakes are venomous, but any snake bite should be treated as an emergency.

Symptoms of Snake Bite:

• Two puncture marks at the bite site
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Difficulty breathing
• Sweating
• Swelling and pain at the bite site
• Bleeding from the bite site
• Swelling around the bite area
• Weakness in muscles, inability to move limbs

First Aid for Snake Bite:

1. Keep the victim calm and still to prevent rapid spread of venom through blood circulation
2. Lay the victim down in a comfortable position
3. Clean the bitten area with soap and water or antiseptic
4. To slow venom spread, tie a bandage or cloth tightly above the bite site (between the bite and the heart). Loosen for 2-3 minutes every 20-30 minutes
5. Keep the area around the wound cool with ice or cold water
6. Do not let the victim walk or run
7. Do not cut the bite area or apply potassium permanganate
8. Identify the snake if possible (but don't waste time)
9. Give the victim water or liquid food if conscious
10. Take the victim to a health center or hospital as soon as possible

4. Electric Shock

Definition: Electric shock is the physical injury caused by electric current passing through the body, often due to contact with faulty electrical appliances or improper use.

Symptoms of Electric Shock:

1. The victim's body and skin become pale
2. Heartbeat becomes irregular or stops
3. Breathing may stop
4. Burns at the point of contact
5. Other injuries may occur from falling
6. Swelling and pain at the affected area

First Aid for Electric Shock:

1. Immediately turn off the main power supply
2. If unable to turn off power, use a dry wooden stick, bamboo, or rubber object to remove the victim from the electrical source (do not use wet or metal objects)
3. If the victim is unconscious and not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately
4. Lay the victim in a comfortable place and cover with a light blanket
5. Treat any burns or wounds
6. Give the victim fluids if conscious
7. Take the victim to a health center as soon as possible

5. Frostbite

Definition: Frostbite is damage to body tissues caused by extreme cold, usually affecting fingers, toes, ears, and nose. Blood vessels constrict, limiting blood flow, leading to tissue death.

Symptoms of Frostbite:

• The affected area becomes extremely cold and numb
• The affected area becomes pale, white, then later reddish, bluish, or black

First Aid for Frostbite:

1. Move the victim to a warm room and let them rest
2. Do NOT rub or massage the frostbitten area
3. Immerse the affected body part gradually in warm (not hot) water
4. Give the victim warm drinks
5. Take the victim to a health center as soon as possible

6. Altitude Sickness (AMS - Acute Mountain Sickness)

Definition: Altitude sickness occurs when people ascend to high altitudes (above 3,000 meters) too quickly, where oxygen levels are lower, affecting the lungs and brain.

Symptoms:

• Fatigue, increased pulse rate, shortness of breath
• Nausea, vomiting, headache

First Aid for Altitude Sickness:

• If headache or shortness of breath occurs, stop ascending and rest for some time. Continue ascending only after physical condition normalizes
• Take the affected person to a lower altitude immediately
• If no improvement after rest, take the victim further down (300-500 meters)
• Provide oxygen if necessary
• Give warm drinks
• Reassure the victim

7. Heat Stroke

Definition: Heat stroke is a condition where the body's temperature regulation fails due to excessive heat, leading to a rapid rise in body temperature, confusion, and fainting.

Symptoms:

• Headache
• Shortness of breath and vomiting
• Rapid pulse
• Body temperature above 104°F (40°C)
• Abdominal muscle cramps
• Unconsciousness

First Aid for Heat Stroke:

• Immediately move the victim to a cool place and cool the body with cold water
• If the victim is semi-conscious, lay them down in the shade and let them rest
• Take measures to lower body temperature as quickly as possible
• Remove the victim's clothes and put on light cotton clothes
• Apply wet cloth or ice packs to the head
• Take the victim to a health center immediately

8. Drowning

Definition: Drowning occurs when a person is submerged in water and cannot breathe, leading to water entering the lungs and air passages.

Symptoms:

• Victim cannot breathe
• Froth and water in mouth and nose
• If submerged for long, stomach may be distended
• Eyes, ears, nostrils may be pale
• Victim semi-conscious or unconscious

First Aid for Drowning:

1. Only a trained lifeguard should rescue the victim; otherwise use a long stick, pole, or rope to pull them out
2. Clear the victim's mouth and nose of any foreign material
3. If not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately
4. Remove wet and tight clothing from the victim's body
5. If the victim has swallowed too much water, place them face down with head lower and press the stomach to expel water
6. Take the victim to a health center as soon as possible

9. Choking

Definition: Choking occurs when food or a foreign object gets stuck in the airway, partially or completely blocking breathing.

Symptoms:

• Victim cannot speak, cannot swallow food
• Victim cannot cough, gasps, and may become unconscious
• Difficulty breathing
• Eyes bulge, lips turn blue
• Face turns red

First Aid for Choking:

• Identify objects blocking the airway
• Encourage the victim to cough to expel the object
• If coughing fails, position the victim with head lower than chest and give back blows between the shoulder blades
• If object visible in mouth, remove with fingers
• If victim becomes unconscious, lay them on their side and give artificial respiration if needed
• If object cannot be removed or victim remains unconscious, take to hospital immediately

10. Poisoning

Definition: Poison is any substance that causes harmful effects when it enters the body and can even lead to death. Poisoning can occur through mouth, breathing, or skin contact.

Common Routes of Poisoning:

Oral: Eating or drinking poisonous chemicals or substances

Inhalation: Breathing in toxic gases, fumes, or vapors

Skin contact: Contact with poisonous insects, snake bites, or chemicals

Symptoms of Poisoning:

• Nausea, vomiting
• Victim becomes restless
• Burning in mouth, throat, nose, stomach
• Frothing at mouth
• Breathing fast or irregular
• Excessive sweating or pale skin
• Pupils enlarged or constricted
• Victim sometimes conscious, sometimes unconscious

First Aid for Poisoning:

If someone has been poisoned, first inform the victim's family and police and take them to a hospital immediately. Before taking to hospital, identify the type and cause of poisoning.

General First Aid:

• If victim is conscious, ask what happened and what they consumed
• If the victim can swallow, give milk or water
• Do NOT induce vomiting if they have swallowed acid, alkali, petrol, or kerosene. For other poisons, if conscious, induce vomiting
• If vomiting occurs, clean the victim's throat and mouth
• Save a sample of the poison container for hospital testing
• Take the victim to a hospital as soon as possible

🟢 Prevention from Poisoning

• If there is an accident at home, take necessary precautions to prevent recurrence
• Keep medicines, acids, and poisonous substances out of reach of children
• Store poisonous substances in labeled containers with proper identification
• Do not eat wild fruits and vegetables brought from the forest
• Do not use expired food and drinks
• Do not eat stale, rotten, or market-sold cheap foods
• Only use medicines prescribed by doctors or health workers

11. Sprain

Definition: Sprain is an injury to a ligament caused by stretching or twisting, usually occurring in ankles, wrists, knees, or back.

Symptoms:

Pain and swelling around the injured joint

Difficulty moving the affected body part

First Aid for Sprain:

1. Immobilize the swollen area using a splint to prevent movement
2. Apply an ice pack to reduce swelling
3. If it's a leg injury, give first aid without moving the leg, let the victim rest, and take to a health center or hospital as soon as possible
4. If it's an ankle sprain, bandage tightly with a crepe bandage and take to a health center or hospital

PART 5: PERSONAL HEALTH

🔵 Definition of Personal Health

Personal Health refers to the overall well-being of an individual - being free from disease, able to perform daily activities efficiently, and free from stress and tension.

WHO Definition: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Components of Personal Health:

1. Physical Health

• Proper development of all body parts
• Normal functioning of all body systems
• Physical fitness and well-being

2. Mental Health

• Positive thinking
• Healthy mental development
• Ability to make appropriate decisions in various situations
• Freedom from mental stress

3. Social Health

• Social behavior and interaction with society
• Cooperative attitude
• Sense of responsibility
• Leadership qualities
• Dignity of labor

🟢 Factors Affecting Personal Health

1. Balanced Diet

Definition: A balanced diet contains all the necessary nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fats, and minerals - in the right proportions required by the body.

Importance of Balanced Diet:

• Keeps the body healthy and active
• Positive effect on mental and physical development
• Maintains happiness and good physique
• Provides disease-fighting immunity
• Maintains normal body functions

Benefits:

Helps maintain healthy body

Promotes mental and physical development

Maintains happiness and good physique

Provides energy to body

Strengthens bones and muscles

Protects from various diseases

Maintains regular body functions

2. Healthy Environment

Definition: Healthy environment includes all physical, natural, social, cultural, and religious factors that affect human health.

Importance:

• Maintains physical and mental health
• Protects from diseases caused by polluted environment
• Improves quality of life for all living beings
• Promotes healthy social activities
• Protects biodiversity

Key Points:

• Clean house, surroundings, neighborhood, and community
• No garbage, waste water, or rotten materials
• Proper waste management
• Clean soil, air, and water

3. Physical Exercise

Definition: Physical exercise is the process of keeping the body active and fit through various movements and activities.

Benefits:

1. Keeps body organs and systems active
2. Maintains good health
3. Protects from various diseases (especially non-communicable)
4. Improves blood circulation and breathing
5. Strengthens muscles
6. Increases disease resistance
7. Protects from heart disease, diabetes, obesity
8. Reduces mental stress
9. Improves mental health
10. Builds self-confidence

Rules of Exercise:

• Exercise in open, fresh air
• Involve all body parts in some way
• Do not rest immediately after exercise
• Avoid excessive physical exertion
• Eat only 30 minutes after exercise
• Exercise should develop specific body parts according to need
• Exercise can be done anytime, but physical condition determines when to exercise

PART 6: SAFE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

🔵 Definition

Safe Healthy Lifestyle refers to the regular practices and behaviors that maintain and protect personal health.

Definition: A safe healthy lifestyle includes regular balanced diet, proper exercise and rest, adequate sleep, regular personal hygiene, avoiding addictions like tobacco and alcohol, and maintaining good relationships with family and friends.

Elements of Safe Healthy Lifestyle:

1. Regular consumption of healthy, balanced, and nutritious food
2. Regular exercise and physical activity
3. Adopting safety measures to protect oneself and family from accidents and harmful objects
4. Proper management of mental stress
5. Maintaining loving relationships with family and friends
6. Regular personal hygiene
7. Staying away from tobacco, alcohol, and other addictions
8. Staying away from friends who are addicted
9. Always being positive and ready for any emergency

Note: To live a healthy, happy, and prosperous life, we must adopt a safe healthy lifestyle. It requires regular practice and effort. We should practice it ourselves and encourage our family members to do the same.

🔴 SUMMARY POINTS

First Aid - immediate temporary care before medical help arrives

ABC Rule - Airway, Breathing, Circulation

First Aid Box - contains essential supplies for emergencies

Common Emergencies and First Aid:

• Wounds - clean, stop bleeding, cover
• Burns - cool with water, cover, don't apply oils
• Snake bite - immobilize, bandage above bite, don't cut
• Electric shock - turn off power, remove with non-conductor
• Frostbite - warm gradually, don't rub
• Altitude sickness - descend, rest, oxygen
• Heat stroke - cool down, cold compresses
• Drowning - rescue, clear airway, artificial respiration
• Choking - encourage coughing, back blows
• Poisoning - identify poison, don't induce vomiting for acids/alkalis
• Sprain - immobilize, ice pack

Personal Health - physical, mental, social well-being

Factors Affecting Health - balanced diet, healthy environment, physical exercise

Balanced Diet - all nutrients in right proportions

Healthy Environment - clean surroundings prevent diseases

Physical Exercise - keeps body fit, prevents diseases

Safe Healthy Lifestyle - regular healthy practices

🔑 KEY DEFINITIONS

🎯 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
2. Define first aid and understand its importance
3. Know the contents of a first aid box
4. Apply first aid techniques for common emergencies
5. Understand personal health and its components
6. Explain the importance of balanced diet
7. Recognize the role of healthy environment
8. Understand the benefits of physical exercise
9. Adopt a safe healthy lifestyle
10. Apply preventive measures in daily life
11. Handle emergencies with confidence

💡 EXAM TIPS

• For definitions: Memorize key terms exactly
• For first aid procedures: Remember step-by-step for each emergency
• For ABC rule: Remember A-Airway, B-Breathing, C-Circulation
• For first aid box: Remember at least 15 items
• For emergencies: Know symptoms and first aid for each:
• Wounds, Burns, Snake bite, Electric shock, Frostbite, Altitude sickness, Heat stroke, Drowning, Choking, Poisoning, Sprain
• For personal health: Remember 3 components (Physical, Mental, Social)
• For balanced diet: Remember importance and benefits
• For healthy environment: Remember role in disease prevention
• For physical exercise: Remember benefits and rules
• For safe healthy lifestyle: Remember elements and importance

🧠 MEMORY TRICKS

ABC Rule: "Always Breathe Carefully" - Airway, Breathing, Circulation

10 Common Emergencies: "WBS EFA HD CPS" - Wounds, Burns, Snake bite, Electric shock, Frostbite, Altitude sickness, Heat stroke, Drowning, Choking, Poisoning, Sprain

3 Components of Personal Health: "PMS" - Physical, Mental, Social

3 Factors Affecting Personal Health: "BEE" - Balanced diet, Environment, Exercise

5 Rules of Exercise: "FNEER" - Fresh air, No immediate rest, Eat after 30 min, Exercise all parts, Rest properly

Poison Prevention: "CKMSC" - Childproof containers, Keep away, Mark containers, Safe storage, Check expiry

📊 IMPORTANT DATA

CPR Compression Rate: 100-120 per minute

CPR Compression Depth: 2 inches

CPR Cycle: 30 compressions + 2 breaths

Artificial Respiration Rate: 15-20 breaths per minute

Altitude Sickness Risk: Above 3,000 meters

Heat Stroke Temperature: Above 104°F (40°C)