Grade 10 HPE || DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION MANAGEMENT|| Notes

2.1 Demographic Components, Process and Measurement

Introduction to Demography

• Demography: Scientific study of human population (size, composition, distribution, change)
• Derived from Greek: "Demos" = people, "Graphia" = writing/study
• Father of Demography: John Graunt (1662)
• First to use term "Demography": Achille Guillard (1855)

Three Demographic Components

Birth → Increases population

Death → Decreases population

Migration → Movement of people

• In-migration increases population
• Out-migration decreases population

Demographic Process & Measurement

2.2 Fertility Measures

1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Simplest measure

Formula:

Mid-year population: Population on July 1

Nepal (2068 BS): CBR = 21.8 per 1000

2. General Fertility Rate (GFR)

More refined than CBR

Formula:

Nepal (2068 BS): GFR = 96 per 1000

3. Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Most detailed fertility measure

Formula:

Example: Nepal's highest ASFR in 20-24 age group

4. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman bears in her lifetime

Formula:

Replacement level: 2.1 children per woman

Nepal's TTR:

• 2068 BS: 2.6
• Urban: 1.6
• Rural: 2.8

Important Terms

Fertility: Actual childbearing performance

Fecundity: Biological capacity to bear children (15-49 years for women)

Reproductive age: 15-49 years for women

2.3 Mortality Measures

1. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Formula:

Nepal (2068 BS): CDR = 7.3 per 1000

2. Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

Formula:

3. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Deaths of children under 1 year

Formula:

Important indicator of health and socioeconomic development

4. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Death of woman during pregnancy or within 42 days after termination

Formula:

2.4 Migration Measures

2.5 Population Growth Indicators

1. Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

\text{NIR} = \frac{\text{CBR - CDR}}{10} \ (\text{in %})

-Example: Nepal 2068: CBR=21.8, CDR=7.3 → NIR = 1.45%

2. Population Growth Rate (PGR)

\text{PGR} = \frac{(\text{CBR - CDR}) \pm \text{NMR}}{10} \ (\text{in %})

3. Doubling Time (PDT)

Rule of 70: If PGR=2%, PDT=35 years

4. Dependency Ratio (DR)

5. Sex Ratio

Nepal (2068): 94.16 (94 males per 100 females)

2.6 Consequences of Rapid Population Growth (RPG)

Environmental Impacts

• Deforestation & Biodiversity Loss

1. Forest cover in Nepal decreased from 45% to 40.36%
2. Loss of wildlife habitats

• Land Degradation & Soil Erosion

1. Cultivation on slopes causes landslides
2. Overgrazing reduces soil fertility

• Floods & Landslides

1. Deforestation increases flood frequency
2. Example: Annual floods in Terai

• Air Pollution

1. Industrialization, vehicles, urbanization
2. Respiratory diseases increase

• Water Pollution

1. Industrial waste, sewage, agricultural chemicals
2. Diseases: Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis

• Noise Pollution

1. Urbanization, vehicles, industries
2. Hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbance

• Depletion of Mineral Resources

1. Over-extraction of minerals
2. Non-renewable resources exhaustion

Socio-economic Impacts

• Health Problems

1. Overcrowded health services
2. High IMR and MMR
3. Malnutrition

• Education Challenges

1. Lack of schools and teachers
2. Low quality education
3. Nepal literacy (2068): 65.9%

• Unemployment

1. More job seekers than opportunities
2. Youth unemployment high

• Food Security Issues

1. Food production can't match population growth
2. Nepal: From food exporter to importer

• Housing Shortage

1. Slums in urban areas
2. Poor sanitation

• Clothing Shortage

1. Increased demand raises prices
2. Dependence on imports

• Security Issues

1. Increased crime rates
2. Reduced recreational spaces

• Cultural Heritage Loss

1. Traditional culture threatened
2. Historical sites damaged

2.7 Population Management

Direct Methods

1. Delayed marriage (especially for girls)
2. Birth spacing (3-5 years between children)
3. Legal abortion (under medical supervision)
4. Migration control (planned settlement)
5. Family planning (various methods)

Indirect Methods

1. Population education
2. Awareness raising
3. Women empowerment
4. Gender equality
5. Employment generation
6. Poverty reduction

2.8 Family Planning Methods

A. Natural Methods

Withdrawal (Coitus interruptus)

• Man withdraws before ejaculation
• Effectiveness: 78%

Rhythm/Calendar Method

• Avoiding sex during fertile period
• For regular 28-day cycle: Avoid days 10-19
• Effectiveness: 76%

Cervical Mucus Method

• Checking vaginal mucus consistency
• Stretchy mucus = fertile
• Effectiveness: Variable

Lactational Amenorrhea (LAM)

• Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
• Effectiveness: 99% for first 6 months

B. Artificial/Temporary Methods

Condom (Male)

• Prevents sperm entry
• Effectiveness: 98%
• Also prevents STDs

Oral Pills

• Combined pills (estrogen + progesterone)
• Taken daily
• Effectiveness: 99%

Foam Tablets

• Inserted before intercourse
• Creates spermicidal foam
• Effectiveness: 79%

IUCD (Copper-T)

• Inserted in uterus
• Lasts 10 years
• Effectiveness: 99%

Injections (Depo-Provera)

• 3-month injection
• Effectiveness: 99%

Implants (Norplant)

• 6 capsules under skin
• Lasts 5 years
• Effectiveness: 99.5%

Female Condom (Femidom)

• Inserted before intercourse
• Effectiveness: 95%

C. Permanent Methods

Vasectomy (Male)

• Cutting vas deferens
• Simple, 15-minute procedure

Minilap/Tubectomy (Female)

• Cutting fallopian tubes
• Permanent sterilization

Laparoscopy

• Using laparoscope
• Small incision, quick recovery

D. Emergency Contraception

Hormonal Pills

• Within 72 hours of unprotected sex
• 2 doses 12 hours apart

IUCD Insertion

• Within 5 days of unprotected sex

2.9 Important Nepal Data (2068 BS)

1. Total Population: 26,494,504
2. Male: 12,849,041
3. Female: 13,645,463
4. Population Growth Rate: 1.35%
5. CBR: 21.8 per 1000
6. CDR: 7.3 per 1000
7. IMR: Declining trend
8. MMR: 239 per 100,000 (improving)
9. Literacy Rate: 65.9% (M: 75.1%, F: 57.4%)
10. Sex Ratio: 94.16
11. Dependency Ratio: 75.55%
12. TFR: 2.6

 IMPORTANT FORMULAS SUMMARY

Fertility Measures

CBR = (Live births / Mid-year population) × 1000

GFR = (Live births / Female population 15-49) × 1000

ASFR = (Births to age group / Women in age group) × 1000

TFR = (5 × ΣASFR) / 1000

Mortality Measures

1. CDR = (Deaths / Mid-year population) × 1000
2. ASDR = (Deaths in age group / Population in age group) × 1000
3. IMR = (Infant deaths / Live births) × 1000
4. MMR = (Maternal deaths / Live births) × 100,000

Migration Measures

1. In-migration rate = (In-migrants / Mid-year population) × 1000
2. Out-migration rate = (Out-migrants / Mid-year population) × 1000
3. NMR = (In-migrants - Out-migrants) / Mid-year population × 1000
4. GMR = (In-migrants + Out-migrants) / Mid-year population × 1000

Growth Indicators

1. NIR = (CBR - CDR) / 10
2. PGR = [(CBR - CDR) ± NMR] / 10
3. PDT = 70 / PGR
4. DR = [Population(0-14) + Population(60+)] / Population(15-59) × 100
5. Sex Ratio = (Male population / Female population) × 100

PART 4: KEY TERMS GLOSSARY

1. Demography - Study of human population
2. Fertility - Actual childbearing performance
3. Fecundity - Biological capacity to bear children
4. Mortality - Incidence of death
5. Migration - Movement of people
6. Contraception - Prevention of pregnancy
7. Sterilization - Permanent birth control
8. Replacement level - TFR of 2.1
9. Dependency ratio - Ratio of dependents to working population
10. Doubling time - Time for population to double